Saturday, January 24, 2009

Applying Elliott Wave Analysis to Everyday Trading

Elliott wave analysis appeals to the instincts and to the intellect, but sometimes it's difficult to see how to trade using Elliott waves. The beauty is that the practical application is within anyone's reach. In today's Market Perspective, we'll see how Bob Prechter explains the Wave Principle and its application. (This excerpt is taken from the latest edition of Prechter's Perspective, published 2004.)


You've said that the Wave Principle is relatively easy to understand. How about application?

Bob Prechter: The basic idea is easy to understand. The intricacies can take a fair amount of time to learn. Once you've learned them, it becomes an easy step to recognize forms in the market. When you can recognize five wave moves, A-B-C corrections and Elliott triangles, a glance through your commodity charts will show definite buys and sells with no additional work whatsoever. It offers the best reward-for-the-effort-expended ratio I know.

On the other hand, you've also said that it is mastered by a relative few. Out of all investors, how many do you think the Elliott wave method is geared for?

Bob Prechter: Only people who want to put in the extra effort. That's frankly a very small group. I think everybody will find the idea of the Wave Principle fascinating. People who aren't even in the market find it an interesting concept. But the people who should actually apply it are only the people who want to make the market a very large part of their lives. You can't make money at something without working at it. The Wave Principle demands that much, because the market demands that much. They are one and the same.

It's deceptive ?a construct that is simple and easy to understand, but because of the inherent uncertainty, it demands rigorous and disciplined application.

Bob Prechter: Well, the rules of chess are simple, but winning the game is not so easy.

So the essence of the task is to order the probabilities correctly. How is this accomplished on an ongoing basis?

Bob Prechter: The first thing you have to do is eliminate the impossible by applying the rules of wave analysis. At any market juncture, there are certain events that are impossible. Remaining may be a formidable list of possible interpretations. However, each possible interpretation must then be judged according to its adherence to the guidelines of the Wave Principle, including alternation, channeling, Fibonacci relationships, relative sizes of waves, typical targeting methods based on wave form, and volume and breadth, if appropriate.

The interpretation that (1) satisfies the most guidelines and (2) does so the most satisfactorily is the one that must be considered to be indicating the most likely path of the market. The next most satisfactory interpretation indicates the next most probable path, and so on. These are sometimes referred to as preferred and alternate interpretations.

The analyst must then monitor the market closely to determine if and when any one of the less probable interpretations becomes the most probable due to the elimination or decline in probability of other interpretations.

This sounds complicated.

Bob Prechter: Not really. Often, the best interpretation is so clearly superior that an investment decision is easy. Similarly, sometimes, the top two or three interpretations have the same implications regarding market behavior, also making an investment decision easy. At other times, interpretations with different implications carry nearly equal weight, dictating a "stand aside" posture. In the latter case, sooner or later the scales always tip in favor of one particular conclusion.

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Wednesday, January 14, 2009

The Percent "R" Indicator: How to Make it Work for You

The Percent Range (%R) technical indicator was developed by renowned futures author and trader Larry Williams. This system attempts to measure overbought and oversold market conditions. The %R always falls between a value of 100 and 0. There are two horizontal lines in the study that represent the 20% and 80% overbought and oversold levels.

In his original work, Williams' method focused on 10 trading days to determine a market's trading range. Once the 10-day trading range was determined, he calculated where the current day’s closing price fell within that range. The %R study is similar to the Stochastic indicator, except that the Stochastic has internal smoothing and that the %R is plotted on an upside-down scale, with 0 at the top and 100 at the bottom. The %R oscillates between 0 and 100%. A value of 0% shows that the closing price is the same as the period high. Conversely, a value of 100% shows that the closing price is identical to the period low.

The Williams %R indicator is designed to show the difference between the period high and today's closing price with the trading range of the specified period. The indicator therefore shows the relative situation of the closing price within the observation period.

Williams %R values are reversed from other studies, especially if you use the Relative Strength Index (RSI) as a trading tool. The %R works best in trending markets. Likewise, it is not uncommon for divergence to occur between the %R and the market. It is just another hint of the market’s condition.

On specifying the length of the interval for the Williams %R study, some technicians prefer to use a value that corresponds to one-half of the normal cycle length. If you specify a small value for the length of the trading range, the study is quite volatile. Conversely, a large value smoothes the %R, and it generates fewer trading signals. Some computer trading programs use a default period of 14 bars. Importantly, if an overbought/oversold indicator, such as Stochastics or Williams %R, shows an overbought level, the best action is to wait for the futures contract’s price to turn down before selling.

Selling just because the contract seems to be overbought (or buying just because it is oversold) may take a trader out of the particular market long before the price falls (or rises), because overbought/oversold indicators can remain in an overbought/oversold condition for a long time--even though the contract’s prices continue to rise or fall. Therefore, one may want to use another technical indicator in conjunction with the %R, such as the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD).

The trading rules are simple. You sell when %R reaches 20% or lower (the market is overbought) and buy when it reaches 80% or higher (the market is oversold). However, as with all overbought/oversold indicators, it is wise to wait for the indicator price to change direction before initiating any trade.

Larry Williams defines the following trading rules for his %R: Buy when %R reaches 100%, and five trading days have passed since 100% was last reached, and after which the %R again falls below 85/95%. Sell when %R reaches 0%, and five trading days have passed since 0% was last reached, and after which the Williams %R again rises to about 15/5%.

Like most other "secondary" tools in my Trading Toolbox, I use the Williams %R indicator in conjunction with other technical indicators -- and not as a "primary" trading tool or as a stand-alone trading system.

More information on the Williams %R indicator can be obtained from Williams' book: "How I Made $1,000,000 Last Year by Trading Commodities." It's published by Windsor Books, New York.

Sunday, January 4, 2009

Why Successful Traders Use Fibonacci and the Golden Ratio

Support and resistance levels on bar charts are a major component in the study of technical analysis. Many traders, including myself, use support and resistance levels to identify entry and exit points when trading markets. When determining support and resistance levels on charts, one should not overlook the key Fibonacci percentage "retracement" levels. I will detail specific Fibonacci percentages in this feature, but first I think it's important to examine how those numbers were derived, and by whom.

Leonardo Fibonacci da Pisa was a famous 13th century mathematician. He helped introduce European countries to the decimal system, including the positioning of zero as the first digit in the number scale. Fibonacci also discovered a number sequence called "the Fibonacci sequence." That sequence is as follows: 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34 and so on to infinity. Adding the two previous numbers in the sequence comes up with the next number.

Importantly, after the first several numbers in the Fibonacci sequence, the ratio of any number to the next higher number is approximately .618, and the next lower number is 1.618. These two figures (.618 and 1.618) are known as the Golden Ratio or Golden Mean. Its proportions are pleasing to the human eyes and ears. It appears throughout biology, art, music and architecture. Here are just a few examples of shapes that are based on the Golden Ratio: playing cards, sunflowers, snail shells, the galaxies of outer space, hurricanes and even DNA molecules. William Hoffer, in the Smithsonian Magazine, wrote in 1975: "The continual occurrence of Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Spiral in nature explain precisely why the proportion of .618034 to 1 is so pleasing in art. Man can see the image of life in art that is based on the Golden Mean."

I could provide more details about the Fibonacci sequence and the Golden Ratio and Golden Spiral, but space and time here will not permit. However, I do suggest you read the book "Elliott Wave Principle" by Frost and Prechter, published by John Wiley & Sons. Indeed, much of the basis of the Elliott Wave Principle is based upon Fibonacci numbers and the Golden Ratio.

Two Fibonacci technical percentage retracement levels that are most important in market analysis are 38.2% and 62.8%. Most market technicians will track a "retracement" of a price uptrend from its beginning to its most recent peak. Other important retracement prcentages include 75%, 50% and 33%. For example, if a price trend starts at zero, peaks at 100, and then declines to 50, it would be a 50% retracement. The same levels can be applied to a market that is in a downtrend and then experiences an upside "correction."

The element I find most fascinating about Fibonacci numbers, the Golden Ratio and the Elliott Wave principle, as they are applied to technical analysis of markets--and the reason I am sharing this information with you--is that these principles are a reflection of human nature and human behavior.

The longer I am in this business and the more I study the behavior of markets, the more I realize human behavior patterns and market price movement patterns are deeply intertwined.